Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations

Contents

Frequencies in some ethnic groups in Europe

Listed here are notable groups and ethnic groups from Europe by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the first two columns, the third column gives the amount of total Sample Size studied, and the other columns give the Percentage of the particular haplogroup. (Ethnic groups from North Caucasus are considered in its own article.)

Population Language[1] n R1b R1a I  E1b1b J G N T Others Reference
Albanians IE (Albanian) 51 &1000000000000001760000017.6 &100000000000000098000009.8 &1000000000000001960000019.6 &1000000000000002160000021.6 &1000000000000002350000023.5 &100000000000000020000002.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Semino2000[2]
Albanians (Kosovar) IE (Albanian) 114 &1000000000000002110000021.10 &100000000000000044199994.42 I1=5.31
I2a2=2.65		 &1000000000000004736999947.37 J2=&1000000000000001669999916.7 0 0 0 P[xQ,R1]=1.77 Pericic2005[3]
Albanians (Tirana) IE (Albanian) 30 &1000000000000001330000013.3 &1000000000000001330000013.3 &1000000000000001669999916.7 &1000000000000002330000023.3 &1000000000000002000000020.0 &100000000000000032999993.3 — — — Bosch2006[4]
Albanians IE (Albanian) 55 &1000000000000001819999918.2 &100000000000000090999999.1 I1=&100000000000000036000003.6
I2a=14.5
I2b=3.6		 &1000000000000002550000025.5 J1=&100000000000000036000003.6
J2=20.0		 &100000000000000018000001.8 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Battaglia2008[5]
Albanians (Macedonia) IE (Albanian) 64 &1000000000000001880000018.8 &100000000000000016000001.6 I1=&100000000000000045000004.5
I2a=&1000000000000001250000012.5		 &1000000000000003910000039.1 J1=&100000000000000062999996.3
J2=&1000000000000001559999915.6		 &100000000000000016000001.6 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Battaglia2008[5]
Albanians IE (Albanian) 106 — — &1000000000000002360000023.6 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Arkhangelsk (Russia) Slavic, Uralic 28 0 17.9 50.0 3.6 0 0 28.6 0 0 Mirabal2009[7]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 29 &1000000000000006550000065.5 &100000000000000000000000.0 — — — &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000069000006.9 L=3.4 Semino2000[2]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 103 — — &100000000000000038999993.9 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 76 — — — &100000000000000091999999.2 &100000000000000011000001.1 — — — — Semino2004[8]
Aromuns (Dukasi, Albania) IE (Italic) 39 &100000000000000026000002.6 &100000000000000026000002.6 &1000000000000001789999917.9 &1000000000000001789999917.9 &1000000000000004870000048.7 &1000000000000001030000010.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Andon Poci, Albania) IE (Italic) 19 &1000000000000003679999936.8 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000004210000042.1 &1000000000000001580000015.8 &100000000000000052999995.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Kruševo, Macedonia) IE (Italic) 43 &1000000000000002789999927.9 &1000000000000001159999911.6 &1000000000000002089999920.9 &1000000000000002089999920.9 &1000000000000001159999911.6 &100000000000000070000007.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Štip, Macedonia) IE (Italic) 65 &1000000000000002310000023.1 &1000000000000002150000021.5 &1000000000000001689999916.9 &1000000000000001850000018.5 &1000000000000002000000020.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Bosch2006[4]
Aromuns (Romania) IE (Italic) 42 &1000000000000002380000023.8 &100000000000000023999992.4 &1000000000000001900000019.0 &100000000000000070999997.1 &1000000000000003329999933.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 — — — Bosch2006[4]
Ashkenazi Jews IE (Germanic, West) 79 — &1000000000000001269999912.7 — &1000000000000002280000022.8 &1000000000000004300000043.0 — — — — Nebel2001[9]
Ashkenazi Jews IE (Germanic, West) 442 — — &100000000000000040999994.1 &1000000000000001969999919.7 &1000000000000003800000038.0 &100000000000000096999999.7 &100000000000000002000000.2 — Behar2004[10]
Austrians IE (Germanic, West) 219 &1000000000000003200000032 &1000000000000001400000014 — — — — — — —
Bashkirs (Perm) Altaic (Turkic) 43 &1000000000000008600000086.0 &100000000000000093000009.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000022999992.3 &100000000000000022999992.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Lobov[11]
Basque (French, Spanish) Basque (Basque) 67 &1000000000000008809999988.1 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000075000007.5 &100000000000000022000002.2 &100000000000000030000003.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Semino2000[2]
Bavarians IE (Germanic, West) 80 &1000000000000005000000050.0 &1000000000000001500000015.0 — &100000000000000080000008.0 &100000000000000050000005.0 — &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Rosser2000[12]
Belgians IE (Germanic/Italic) 92 &1000000000000006300000063.0 &100000000000000040000004.0 — &100000000000000020000002.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[12]
Belorussians IE (Slavic, East) 41 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000003900000039.0 &1000000000000001000000010.0 — — &100000000000000023999992.4 — — Rosser2000[12]
Belorussians IE (Slavic, East) 147 &1000000000000001900000019.0 — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Belorussians IE (Slavic, East) 68 &100000000000000044000004.4 &1000000000000004560000045.6 &1000000000000002500000025.0 &100000000000000044000004.4 — &100000000000000015000001.5 &100000000000000088000008.8 — — Kharkov2005[13]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 306 &100000000000000042000004.2 &1000000000000005100000051.0 — &100000000000000045999994.6 &100000000000000032999993.3 — &100000000000000095000009.5 — — Behar2003[14]
Bearnais IE (Italic) 26 — — &100000000000000077000007.7 — &100000000000000037999993.8 — — — — Semino2004[8]
Bearnais IE (Italic) 43 — — — &100000000000000037000003.7 — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Bosnians IE (Slavic, South) 69 &100000000000000013999991.4 &1000000000000002460000024.6 &1000000000000004200000042.0 &1000000000000001009999910.1 &100000000000000000000000.0 — — — — Pericic2005[3]
British IE (Germanic, West) 32 &1000000000000006879999968.8 &100000000000000094000009.4 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 127 &1000000000000001100000011.0 &1000000000000001730000017.3 &1000000000000002750000027.5 &1000000000000001969999919.7 &1000000000000001810000018.1 &100000000000000016000001.6 — &100000000000000008000000.8 — Karachanak2009[16]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 34 — &1000000000000001469999914.7 — — — — — — — Malaspina2003[17]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 116 — — — &1000000000000002069999920.7 — — — — — Cruciani2004[18]
Catalans IE (Italic) 24 &1000000000000007920000079.2 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000042000004.2 4.2 4.2 &100000000000000080000008.0 — — — Rootsi2004d[19]
Catalans IE (Italic) 33 — — — &100000000000000060999996.1 &100000000000000036000003.6 — — — — Semino2004[8]
Cantabrians (Pasiegos) IE (Italic) 56 — — — &1000000000000004289999942.9 — — — — — Cruciani2004[18]
Chuvashes Altaic (Turkic) 79 &100000000000000037999993.8 &1000000000000003160000031.6 &1000000000000001130000011.3 &100000000000000000000000 &1000000000000002419999924.2 &100000000000000000000000 &1000000000000002780000027.8 &100000000000000000000000 —
Croats (mainland) IE (Slavic, South) 108 &1000000000000001569999915.7 &1000000000000003429999934.3 &1000000000000003700000037.0 &100000000000000055999995.6 &100000000000000018999991.9 &100000000000000009000000.9 — — — Pericic2005[3]
Croat (mainland) IE (Slavic, South) 189 — — &1000000000000003810000038.1 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Cypriots IE (Greek) 45 &100000000000000090000009.0 &100000000000000020000002.0 — &1000000000000002700000027.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[12]
Czechs IE (Slavic, West) 257 — &1000000000000003420000034.2 &1000000000000001830000018.3 &100000000000000057999995.8 &100000000000000047000004.7 &100000000000000050999995.1 &100000000000000016000001.6 — — Luca2007[20]
Czechs and Slovaks IE (Slavic, West) 45 &1000000000000003560000035.6 &1000000000000002669999926.7 — &100000000000000022000002.2 — — — — — Semino2000[2]
Czechs and Slovaks IE (Slavic, West) 198 — — &1000000000000001359999913.6 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 12 &1000000000000004170000041.7 &1000000000000001669999916.7 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 194 — — &1000000000000003870000038.7 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 35 — — — &100000000000000028999992.9 — — — — — Cruciani2004[18]
Dutch IE (Germanic, West) 27 &1000000000000007040000070.4 &100000000000000037000003.7 — — — — — — — Semino2000[2]
Dutch IE (Germanic, West) — — &1000000000000002669999926.7[6] &100000000000000080000008.0[12] &100000000000000000000000[8] — — — —
English (Central) IE (Germanic, West) 215 &1000000000000006189999961.9 &100000000000000032999993.3 — — — — — — — Weale2002[21]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 207 &100000000000000090000009.0 — — &100000000000000030000003.0 &100000000000000010000001.0 — &1000000000000004060000040.6 — — Rosser2000[12]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 118 — &1000000000000003729999937.3 — — — — — — — Laitinen2002[22]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 210 — — &1000000000000001860000018.6 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Finns Uralic (Finnic) 57 &100000000000000020000002.0 &1000000000000001050000010.5 — &100000000000000020000002.0 — — &1000000000000006320000063.2 — — Rosser2000[12]
Finns Uralic (Finnic) 38 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000079000007.9 &1000000000000002889999928.9 — — — &1000000000000006320000063.2 — —
French IE (Italic) 23 52.2 0 17.4 8.7 4.3 0 0 0 — Semino2000[2]
French IE (Italic) 40 — — — &100000000000000080000008.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[12]
Frisians IE (Germanic, West) 94 &1000000000000005600000056.0 &100000000000000070000007.0 &1000000000000002900000029.0 &100000000000000020000002.0 &100000000000000060000006.0 — — — — Wilson2001[23]
Frisians IE (Germanic, West) 94 &1000000000000005529999955.3 &100000000000000074000007.4 &1000000000000003400000034.0 &100000000000000021000002.1 &100000000000000013999991.4 — — — — Weale2002[21]
Gagauz (Kongaz) Altaic (Turkic) 48 &1000000000000001040000010.4 &1000000000000001250000012.5 &1000000000000003130000031.3 &1000000000000001669999916.7 &100000000000000083000008.3 &1000000000000001040000010.4 &100000000000000042000004.2 &100000000000000062999996.3 — Varzari2006[24]
Gagauz(Etulia) Altaic (Turkic) 41 &1000000000000001459999914.6 &1000000000000002680000026.8 &1000000000000002439999924.4 &100000000000000098000009.8 &100000000000000072999997.3 &1000000000000001710000017.1 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Varzari2006[24]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 48 &1000000000000004789999947.9 &100000000000000080999998.1 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 16 50 6.2 37.5 6.2 0 0 0 0 — Semino2000[2]
Germans (Berlin) IE (Germanic, West) 103 23 22 32 10 2 — 2 — 9 Kayser2005[25]
Germans IE (Germanic) 1215 38.9 17.9 23.6 6.2 4.0 — 1.6 — 7.7 Kayser2005[25]
Greeks IE (Greek) 77 &1000000000000001169999911.7 &1000000000000001559999915.6 &1000000000000001950000019.5 &1000000000000002080000020.8 &1000000000000001689999916.9 &100000000000000090999999.1 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000026000002.6 — Firasat2007[26]
Greeks IE (Greek) 118 &1000000000000002280000022.8 &100000000000000083000008.3 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Greeks IE (Greek) 84/92 — — — &1000000000000002380000023.8 &100000000000000065000006.5 — — — — Semino2004[8]
Greeks IE (Greek) 171 &1000000000000001350000013.5 &1000000000000001109999911.1 &1000000000000001580000015.8 &1000000000000003160000031.6 &1000000000000001989999919.9 &100000000000000047000004.7 — &100000000000000018000001.8 — King2008[27]
Greeks (Crete) IE (Greek) 193 &1000000000000001700000017.0 &100000000000000088000008.8 &1000000000000001300000013.0 &100000000000000088000008.8 &1000000000000003889999938.9 &1000000000000001090000010.9 — &100000000000000021000002.1 — King2008[27]
Greeks (Peloponnese) IE (Greek) 36 — — — &1000000000000004700000047 — — — — — Semino2004[8]
Greeks (Thrace) IE (Greek) 41 &1000000000000001219999912.2 &1000000000000002200000022.0 &1000000000000001950000019.5 &1000000000000001950000019.5 &1000000000000001950000019.5 &100000000000000049000004.9 — — — Bosch2006[4]
Greeks (North) IE (Greek) 96 &1000000000000001459999914.6 &1000000000000001880000018.8 &1000000000000001250000012.5 &1000000000000003539999935.4 — &100000000000000052000005.2 — &100000000000000021000002.1 L=1 Zalloua2008[28]
Greeks (South) IE (Greek) 46 &1000000000000001960000019.6 &100000000000000022000002.2 &1000000000000002389999923.9 &1000000000000004350000043.5 — &100000000000000065000006.5 — &100000000000000022000002.2 — Zalloua2008[28]
Gypsy (Macedonia) IE (Indic) 57 1.8 1.8 5.3 29.8 1.8 0 — — H=59.6 Pericic2005[3]
Herzegovinians IE (Slavic, South) 141 &100000000000000036000003.6 &1000000000000001209999912.1 &1000000000000006379999963.8 &100000000000000085000008.5 &100000000000000007000000.7 — — — — Pericic2005[3]
Hungarians Uralic (Ugric) 215 18.1 25.6 I1=7.91
I2a=16.74
I2b=2.79
I*=0.93		 6.1 J2=6.51
J*[xJ2]=3.72		 4.2 0.47 0.0 H=5.12
R2=0.47
R1*=1.40		 Völgyi2008[29]
Hungarians Uralic (Ugric) 45 13.3 60.0 11.1 8.9 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 L=2.2 Semino2000[2]
Hungarians Uralic (Ugric) — &1000000000000005660000056.6[5] &1000000000000002280000022.8[6] &100000000000000094000009.4[8] &100000000000000020000002.0[8] &100000000000000080000008.0[30] &100000000000000010000001.0 — —
Icelanders IE (Germanic, North) 181 &1000000000000004139999941.4 &1000000000000002380000023.8 &1000000000000003420000034.2 — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Irish IE (Celtic) 222 &1000000000000008150000081.5 &100000000000000005000000.5 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Irish IE (Celtic) 257 — — — &100000000000000020000002.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[12]
Italians IE (Italic) 50 &1000000000000006200000062.0 — &100000000000000080000008.0 — — &1000000000000001000000010.0 — — — Rootsi2004d[19]
Italians IE (Italic) — &100000000000000027000002.7[15] — &1000000000000001300000013.0[12] — — — — —
Italians (Calabria) IE (Italic) &1000000000000003239999932.4[2] — &100000000000000054000005.4[6] &1000000000000001630000016.3[3] &1000000000000002460000024.6[8] — — — —
Italians (Apulia) IE (Italic) — — &100000000000000026000002.6[6] &1000000000000001390000013.9[8] &1000000000000003139999931.4[8] — — — —
Italians (Sardinia) IE (Italic) &1000000000000002210000022.1[2] — &1000000000000004229999942.3[6] &100000000000000050000005.0[8] &1000000000000001250000012.5[8] — — — —
Italians (Northern Sardinia) IE (Italic) 86 &1000000000000002000000020.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000002800000028.0 &1000000000000001300000013.0 — &1000000000000002100000021.0 — &100000000000000000000000.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Italians (Southern Sardinia) IE (Italic) 187 &1000000000000001900000019.0 &100000000000000010000001.0 &1000000000000003500000035.0 &1000000000000001100000011.0 — &1000000000000001400000014.0 — &100000000000000000000000.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Italians (North-central) IE (Italic) &1000000000000006200000062.0[2] — &100000000000000005000000.5[6] &1000000000000001040000010.4[3] &1000000000000002689999926.9[8] — — — —
Italians (South) IE (Italic) 68 &1000000000000002500000025.0 &100000000000000030000003.0 &100000000000000060000006.0 &1000000000000002600000026.0 — &1000000000000001500000015.0 — &100000000000000030000003.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Italians (Sicily) IE (Italic) — — &100000000000000088000008.8 &1000000000000002730000027.3 &1000000000000002380000023.8 — — — — Semino2004[8]
Italians (East Sicily) IE (Italic) 87 &1000000000000002000000020.0 &100000000000000022999992.3 &100000000000000050000005.0 &1000000000000002900000029.0 — &100000000000000050000005.0 — &100000000000000050000005.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Italians (West Sicily) IE (Italic) 125 &1000000000000002700000027.0 &100000000000000023999992.4 &1000000000000001100000011.0 &1000000000000001900000019.0 — &1000000000000001300000013.0 — &100000000000000030000003.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Komi Uralic (Finnic) 94 &1000000000000001600000016.0 &1000000000000003300000033.0 &100000000000000052999995.3 — — — &1000000000000003510000035.1 — —
Komi (Izhemsky) Uralic (Finnic) 54 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000002960000029.6 &100000000000000018999991.9 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000006850000068.5 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Mirabal2009[7]
Komi (Priluzsky) Uralic (Finnic) 49 &100000000000000020000002.0 &1000000000000003270000032.7 &100000000000000040999994.1 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000006120000061.2 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Mirabal2009[7]
Kursk (Russia) Slavic 40 7.5 52.5 15.0 10.0 2.5 0 12.5 0 0 Mirabal2009[7]
Latvians IE (Baltic) 114 &1000000000000003950000039.5 — &100000000000000009000000.9 — — &1000000000000004210000042.1 — — Laitinen2002[22]
Latvians IE (Baltic) &1000000000000001500000015.0[12] — &100000000000000070000007.0[6] — — — — — —
Lithuanians IE (Baltic) 38 &100000000000000050000005.0 — — — — — — — — [12]
Lithuanians IE (Baltic) 114 — &1000000000000003600000036.0 — &100000000000000009000000.9 — — &1000000000000004300000043.0 — — Laitinen2002[22]
ethnic Macedonians IE (Slavic, South) 211 &1000000000000001140000011.4 &1000000000000001419999914.2 &1000000000000003130000031.3 &1000000000000001800000018.0 &1000000000000001600000016.0 &100000000000000037999993.8 &100000000000000005000000.5 &100000000000000018999991.9 L=0.5 Noveski2010[31]
ethnic Macedonians IE (Slavic, South) 79 &100000000000000050999995.1 &1000000000000001519999915.2 &1000000000000003420000034.2 &1000000000000002410000024.1 &1000000000000001269999912.7 &100000000000000050999995.1 — — — Pericic2005[3]
Macedonians (Skopje) IE (Slavic, South) 52 &1000000000000001350000013.5 &1000000000000001350000013.5 &1000000000000002880000028.8 &1000000000000002310000023.1 &1000000000000001150000011.5 &100000000000000037999993.8 — — — Bosch2006[4]
Maltese Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) 187 &1000000000000002200000022.0 &100000000000000050000005.0 &100000000000000090000009.0 &100000000000000060000006.0 — &100000000000000090000009.0 — &100000000000000000000000.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Mari Uralic (Finnic) 111 &100000000000000027000002.7 &1000000000000004770000047.7 &100000000000000080999998.1 — — — &1000000000000004139999941.4 — —
Mari Uralic (Finnic) 48 &1000000000000001040000010.4 &1000000000000002919999929.2 — &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000062999996.3 — &1000000000000005000000050.0 — — Rosser2000[12]
Moldavians (Karahasani) IE (Italic) 72 &1000000000000001669999916.7 &1000000000000003470000034.7 &1000000000000002500000025.0 &1000000000000001250000012.5 &100000000000000096999999.7 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000013999991.4 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Varzari2006[24]
Moldavians (Sofia) IE (Italic) 54 &1000000000000001669999916.7 &1000000000000002039999920.4 &1000000000000003520000035.2 &1000000000000001300000013.0 &100000000000000055999995.6 &100000000000000018999991.9 &100000000000000037000003.7 &100000000000000018999991.9 — Varzari2006[24]
Mordvins (Erzya) Uralic (Finnic) 46 — &1000000000000003910000039.1 — — — — — — — Malaspina2003[17]
Mordvins (Moksha) Uralic (Finnic) 46 — &1000000000000002169999921.7 — — — — — — — Malaspina2003[17]
Mordvins Uralic (Finnic) 83 &1000000000000001330000013.3 &1000000000000002650000026.5 &1000000000000001930000019.3 — — — &1000000000000001930000019.3 — —
Norwegians IE (Germanic, North) &1000000000000002589999925.9[15] &1000000000000001789999917.9[15] &1000000000000004029999940.3[6] — — — — — —
Norwegians IE (Germanic, North) 52 — &1000000000000003080000030.8 — &100000000000000018999991.9 &100000000000000018999991.9 — &100000000000000037999993.8 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Rosser2000[12]
Orcadians IE (Germanic, West) 71 &1000000000000006600000066.0 &1000000000000001969999919.7 — — — — — — — Wilson2001[23]
Poles IE (Slavic, West) &1000000000000001639999916.4[2] &1000000000000005639999956.4[2] &1000000000000001780000017.8[6] &100000000000000040000004.0[8] &100000000000000010000001.0[8] — — — —
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 93 &1000000000000001340000013.4 &1000000000000005589999955.9 &1000000000000001610000016.1 — — — &100000000000000032000003.2 — —
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 913 11.6 57.0 17.3 4.5 2.5 — 3.7 — 3.3 Kayser2005[25]
Portuguese IE (Italic) 303 — — &100000000000000052999995.3 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Portuguese (South) IE (Italic) 57 &1000000000000005600000056.0 &100000000000000020000002.0 — &1000000000000001700000017.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[12]
Portuguese (North) IE (Italic) 328 &1000000000000006200000062.0 &100000000000000000000000 — &1000000000000001100000011.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[12]
Romanians IE (Italic) 54 &1000000000000001300000013.0 &1000000000000002039999920.4 &1000000000000004810000048.1 &100000000000000074000007.4 &100000000000000055999995.6 &100000000000000055999995.6 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Varzari2006[24]
Romanians IE (Italic) 361 — — &1000000000000002219999922.2 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Romanians (Constanţa) IE (Italic) 31 &1000000000000001610000016.1 &100000000000000096999999.7 &1000000000000004189999941.9 &100000000000000096999999.7 &100000000000000065000006.5 &1000000000000001290000012.9 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Bosch2006[4]
Romanians (Ploieşti) IE (Italic) 36 &100000000000000083000008.3 &100000000000000055999995.6 &1000000000000003889999938.9 &1000000000000001669999916.7 &1000000000000001939999919.4 &100000000000000083000008.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Bosch2006[4]
Russians IE (Slavic, East) 122 &100000000000000065999996.6 &1000000000000004670000046.7 — &100000000000000065999996.6 &100000000000000040999994.1 — &1000000000000001800000018.0 — — Rosser2000[12]
Russians IE (Slavic, East) 61 &1000000000000002130000021.3 &1000000000000004260000042.6 &1000000000000001309999913.1 — — — &1000000000000001639999916.4 — —
Russians (Northern) IE (Slavic, East) 380 &100000000000000060999996.1 &1000000000000003339999933.4 &1000000000000001450000014.5 &100000000000000003000000.3 &100000000000000018000001.8 &100000000000000013000001.3 &1000000000000004129999941.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Balanovsky2008[32]
Russians (Central) IE (Slavic, East) 364 &100000000000000077000007.7 &1000000000000004700000047.0 &1000000000000001650000016.5 &100000000000000052000005.2 &100000000000000032999993.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000001700000017.0 &100000000000000008000000.8 — Balanovsky2008[32]
Russians (Adygea) IE (Slavic, East) 78 — — &1000000000000002439999924.4 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Russians (Bashkortostan) IE (Slavic, East) 50 — — &100000000000000060000006.0 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Russians (Belgorod region) IE (Slavic, East) 143 &100000000000000027999992.8 &1000000000000005939999959.4 &1000000000000001669999916.7 — — — — — — Balanovsky[32]
Russians (Cossacks) IE (Slavic, East) 97 — — &1000000000000002269999922.7 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Russians (Kostroma region) IE (Slavic, East) 53 — — &1000000000000001889999918.9 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Russians (North, Pinega) IE (Slavic, East) 127 — — &100000000000000047000004.7 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Russians (Smolensk region) IE (Slavic, East) 120 — — &1000000000000001080000010.8 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Sami (Sweden) Uralic (Finnic) 38 &100000000000000079000007.9 &1000000000000001580000015.8 &1000000000000003160000031.6 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 &1000000000000004470000044.7 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Karlsson2006[33]
Sami Uralic (Finnic) 127 &100000000000000038999993.9 &1000000000000001100000011.0 — — — — &1000000000000004720000047.2 — —
Sami Uralic (Finnic) — — &1000000000000003139999931.4 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Scots IE (Celtic) 178 — — &1000000000000001119999911.2 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Scots IE (Celtic) 61 &1000000000000007709999977.1 &100000000000000065999996.6 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Sephardic Jews Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) 78 &1000000000000002950000029.5 &100000000000000038999993.9 &1000000000000001150000011.5 &1000000000000001919999919.2 &1000000000000002819999928.2 — — — — Nebel2001[9]
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 179 &100000000000000045000004.5 &1000000000000001450000014.5 &1000000000000004800000048 &1000000000000001730000017.3 &100000000000000055999995.6 &100000000000000022000002.2 &100000000000000032999993.3 — L=0.6 Mirabal,V.2010[34]
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 113 &1000000000000001059999910.6 &1000000000000001590000015.9 &1000000000000003629999936.3 &1000000000000002119999921.2 &100000000000000080000008 — — — — Pericic2005[3]
Serbs (Bosnia) IE (Slavic, South) 81 &100000000000000062000006.2 &1000000000000001359999913.6 &1000000000000004070000040.7 &1000000000000002219999922.2 &100000000000000099000009.9 &100000000000000011999991.2 &100000000000000062000006.2 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Battaglia2008[5]
Slovenians IE (Slavic, South) 75 &1000000000000002130000021.3 &1000000000000003870000038.7 &1000000000000003069999930.7 &100000000000000027000002.7 &100000000000000040000004.0 &100000000000000027000002.7 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Battaglia2008[5]
Slovenian IE (Slavic, South) 70 — &1000000000000003710000037.1 — &100000000000000070999997.1 &100000000000000057000005.7 — &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Rosser2000[12]
Slovenian IE (Slavic, South) 55 — — &1000000000000003820000038.2 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Spanish IE (Italic) 126 &1000000000000006800000068.0 &100000000000000020000002.0 — &1000000000000001000000010.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[12]
Spanish (Ibiza) IE (Italic) 54 &1000000000000005739999957.4 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000018999991.9 &100000000000000074000007.4 — &1000000000000001300000013.0 — &1000000000000001669999916.7 — Zalloua2008[28]
Spanish (Majorca) IE (Italic) 62 &1000000000000006609999966.1 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000080999998.1 &100000000000000062000006.2 — &100000000000000062000006.2 — &100000000000000016000001.6 — Zalloua2008[28]
Spanish (Minorca) IE (Italic) 37 &1000000000000007300000073.0 &100000000000000027000002.7 &100000000000000027000002.7 &1000000000000001889999918.9 — &100000000000000000000000.0 — &100000000000000000000000.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Spanish (South) IE (Italic) 162 &1000000000000006500000065.0 &100000000000000020000002.0 &100000000000000060000006.0 &100000000000000090000009.0 — &100000000000000040000004.0 — &100000000000000000000000.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Spanish (Valencia) IE (Italic) 73 &1000000000000006400000064.0 &100000000000000030000003.0 &1000000000000001000000010.0 &1000000000000001100000011.0 — &100000000000000010000001.0 — &100000000000000010000001.0 — Zalloua2008[28]
Swedes (Northern) IE (Germanic, North) 48 &1000000000000002289999922.9 &1000000000000001880000018.8 — &100000000000000021000002.1 &100000000000000021000002.1 — &100000000000000083000008.3 — — Rosser2000[12]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 110 &1000000000000002000000020.0 &1000000000000001730000017.3 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[15]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 225 — — &1000000000000004000000040 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 160 &1000000000000001309999913.1 &1000000000000002439999924.4 &1000000000000003750000037.5 &100000000000000013000001.3 &100000000000000000000000.0 — &1000000000000001440000014.4 — — Lappalainen2008[35]
Swiss IE (German/Italic) 144 — — &100000000000000075999997.6 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]
Tatars Altaic (Turkic) 126 &100000000000000086999998.7 &1000000000000003410000034.1 &100000000000000040000004.0 — — — &1000000000000002300000023.0 — —
Turks (Istanbul) Altaic (Turkic) — — — &1000000000000001300000013.0 &1000000000000002469999924.7 — — — — Semino2004[8]
Udmurt Uralic (Finnic) 87 &100000000000000022999992.3 &1000000000000001030000010.3 &100000000000000011000001.1 — — — &1000000000000008509999985.1 — —
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) 50 &100000000000000020000002.0 &1000000000000005400000054.0 18 4 6 &100000000000000040000004.0 &100000000000000060000006.0 &100000000000000020000002.0 — Semino2000[2]
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) — — &1000000000000002189999921.9[6] &100000000000000085999998.6[8] &100000000000000072999997.3[8] — — — —
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) 53 &1000000000000001889999918.9 &1000000000000004150000041.5 &1000000000000002450000024.5 — &100000000000000094000009.4 &100000000000000000000000.0 &100000000000000057000005.7 &100000000000000000000000.0 — Varzari2006[24]
Welsh (Anglesey) IE (Celtic) 88 &1000000000000008900000089.0 &100000000000000010000001.0 — &100000000000000030000003.0 — — — — — Wilson2001[23]
Welsh (Anglesey) IE (Celtic) 196 — — &100000000000000080999998.1 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[6]

Chronological development of haplogroups found in Europe

Listed here are notable groups from Europe and their chronological development based on relevant studies [36]:

Haplogroup Possible time of origin Possible place of origin Highest frequencies
K 40,000 years ago South Asia or West Asia
T 30,000 years ago West Asia
J 30,000 years ago Middle East
R 28,000 years ago Central Asia
E1b1b-M35 26,000 years ago East Africa
I 25,000 years ago Balkans
R1a1 21,000 years ago Southern Russia
R1b 20,000 years ago Around the Caspian Sea or Central Asia
E1b1b-M78 18,000 years ago Egypt/Libya
G 17,000 years ago Between India and the Caucasus
I2 17,000 years ago Balkans
J2 15,000 years ago Northern Mesopotamia
I2b 13,000 years ago Central Europe
N1c1 12,000 years ago Siberia
I2a 11,000 years ago Balkans
R1b1b2 10,000 years ago North or south of the Caucasus
J1 10,000 years ago Arabian peninsula
E1b1b-V13 10,000 years ago Balkans
I2b1 9,000 years ago Germany
I2a1 8,000 years ago Sardinia
I2a2 7,500 years ago Dinaric Alps
E1b1b-M81 5,500 years ago Maghreb
I1 5,000 years ago Scandinavia
R1b-L21 4,000 years ago Central or Eastern Europe
R1b-S28 3,500 years ago around the Alps
R1b-S21 3,000 years ago Frisia or Central Europe
I2b1a < 3,000 years ago Britain

See also

References

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Geppert M, Baetab M, Núñez C, Martínez-Jarreta B, Zweynert S, Vacas Cruz O W, González-Andrade F, González-Solorzano J, Nagya M and Roewer L (2010) Hierarchical Y-SNP Assay to Study the Hidden Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationship of Native Populations in South America, Forensic Science International: Genetics, 6 Oct 2010. [Epub ahead of print] Ghiani M, Mameli A, Piras G, Berti A, Calo C, Vona G. (2009). Population Data for Y-chromosome Haplotypes Defined by AmpFlSTR YFiler PCR Amplification Kit in North Sardinia (Italy). Collegium Antropologicum, 33 (2): 643-51. Haber M, Platt D, Badro D, Xue Y, El-Sibai M, Bonab M, Youhanna S, Saade S, Soria-Hernanz D, Rowuru A, Wells R, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua P, Genographic Consortium (2010) Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon, European Journal of Human Genetics, 19(3): 334-40. Hammer M F, Krafet T M, Park H, Omoto K, Harihara S, Stoneking M, Harai S, (2006). Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common Ground for Hunter-gatherer and Farmer Y Chromosomes. (abstract) Journal of Human Genetics, 51:47-58. Hammer M F, Karafet T M, Redd A J, Jarjanazi H, Santachiara-Benerecetti A S, Soodyall H, Zegura S L, (2001). Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity. (pdf) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18:1189-1203. Hammer M F, Chamberlain V F, Kearney V F, Stover D, Zhang G, Karafet T, Walsh B, Redd A J, (2005). Population Structure of Y Chromosome SNP Haplogroups in the United States and Forensic Implications for Constructing Y Chromosome STR Databases. (in press) Forensic Science International. Henn B M, Gignoux D, Lin A A, Oefner P J, Shen P, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Tishkoff S A, Mountain J L, Underhill P A, (2008). Y-chromosomal Evidence of a Pastoralist Migration through Tanzania to Southern Africa. PNAS, vol. 105 no. 31 10693-10698. Hinds D A, Stuve L L, Nilsen G B, Haperin E, Eskin E, Ballinger D G, Frazer K A, Cox D R. (2005) Whole-genome Patterns of Common DNA Variation in Three Human Populations. Science, 307:1072-1079. Hurles M E, Irven C, Nicholson J, Taylor P G, Santos F R, Loughlin J, Jobling M A, Sykes B C, (1998). European Y-Chromosomal Lineages in Polynesians: A Contrast to the Population Structure Revealed by mtDNA. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63:1793-1806. Hurles M E, Nicholson J, Bosch E, Renfew C, Sykes B C, Jobling M A, (2002). Y Chromosomal Evidence for the Origins of Oceanic-Speaking Peoples. Genetics, 160:289-303. Jobling M A, Tyler-Smith C, (2003). The Human Y Chromosome: An Evolutionary Marker Comes of Age. Nature/Reviews/Genetics, 4:598-612. Karafet T M, Hallmark B, Cox M P, Sudoyo H, Downey S, Lansing J S, Hammer M, (2010). Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia. Abstract. Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. Karafet T M, Mendez F L, Meilerman M B, Underhill P A, Zegura S L, Hammer M F, (2008). New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material. Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, Wang W, Feng S, Wells R S, Redd A J, Zegura S L, Hammer M F, (2001). Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 69:615-628. Karlsson A O, Wallerstrom T, Gotherstrom A, Holmlund G, (2006) Y-chromosome Diversity in Sweden - A Long-time Perspective. (pdf) European Journal of Human Genetics, 4:963-970 Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G, Schiefenhovel W, Underhill P A, Stoneking M, (2001). Independent Histories of Human Y Chromosomes from Melanesia and Australia. American Journal of Human Genetics, 68:173-190. Kayser M, Brauer S, Cordaux R, Casto A, Lao O, Zhivotovsky L A, Moyse-Faurie C, Rutledge R B, Schiefenhovel W, Gil D, Lin A A, Underhill P A, Oefner P J, Trent R J, Stoneking M. (2006). Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Gradients across the Pacific. MBE Advance Access published August 21, 2006. Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G, Underhill P A, Roewer L, Schiefenhovel W, Stoneking M, (2000). Melanesian Origin of Polynesian Y Chromosomes. Current Biology, Vol. 10, No. 20. Kayser M. Brauer S., Weiss G., Schiefenhovel W, Underhill P, Shen P, Oefner P, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Stoneking M. (2003). Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:281-302. King R, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A, Triantaphyllidis C, Scheidel W, Myres N, Lin A, Eissautier A, Mitchell M, Binder D, Semino O, Novelletto A, Underhill P, and Chiaroni J. (2011). The Coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-Chromosome Models of Archaic Greek Colonization of the Western Mediterranean. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11:69. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoglu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CET, Zhivotovsky LA, M. Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA (2008). Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics 72:205-214. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, Metspalu E, Adojaan M, Tolk HV, Stepanov V, Golge M, Usanga E, Papiha S S, Cinnioglu C, King R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Underhill P A, Villems R, (2003). The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332. McEvoy B, Bradley D G, (2006). Y-chromosomes and the Extent of Patrilineal Ancestry in Irish Surnames (abstract) Human Genetics 2006 Jan 12;:1-8 (Epub ahead of print). Mendez F L, Karafet T M, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer M H. (2011). Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa. Human Biology 83(1):39-53, 2011. Mohyuddin A., Ayub Q, Underhill P A, Tyler-Smith C, Mehdi S Q, (Feb. 10 2006). Detection of Novel Y SNPs Provides Further Insights into Y Chromosomal Variation in Pakistan. (abstract) Journal of Human Genetics. Moore L T, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley D G, (2006). A Y-chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(2):334-338. Mona S, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Brauer S, Sudoyo H, Marzuki S, Kayser M. (2007). Patterns of Y-chromosome Diversity Intersect with the Trans-New Guinea Hypothesis. Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Sep 10; [Epub ahead of print] Myres N M, Rootsi S, Lin A A, Järve M, King R J, Kutuev I, Cabrera V M, Khusnutdinova E K, Pshenichnov A, Yunusbayev B, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Rudan P, Baldovic M, Herrera R J, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Villems R, Kivisild T, Underhill P A. (2010). A Major Y-chromosome Haplogroup R1b Holocene Era Founder Effect in Central and Western Europe. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2010;(July):1-7. Myres N M, Elkins J E, Lin A A, Cavalli-Sforza, L L, Woodward S R, Underhill P A. (2007). Y-chromosome Short Tandem Repeat DYS458.2 Non-consensus Alleles Occur Independently in Both Binary Haplogroups J1-M267 and R1b3-M405. Croatian Medical Journal, 48. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zoukova O, Stoneking M, (2004). Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of the South and North Ossetians. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 68:588-599. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Ozturk M, Bendukidze N, and Stoneking M, (2005). MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 69:401-412. Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M. (2003). Testing Hypotheses of Language Replacement in the Caucasus: Evidence from the Y-chromosome. Human Genetics 112(3): 255-61. Nonaka I, Minaguchi K, and Takezaki N. (2007). Y Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 71:480-495. Pakendorf B, Novgorodov I N, Osakovskij V L, Danilova A P, Protod’jakonov A P, and Stoneking M. (2006). Investigating the Effects of Prehistoric Migrations in Siberia: Genetic Variation and the Origins of Yakuts, Human Genetics, Volume 120, Number 3, 334-353. Regueiro M, Cardenas A M, Gayden T, Underhill P A, Herrera T J, (2006). Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3., 132-143. Repping S, van Daalen S K M, Brown L G, Korver C M, Lange J, Marszalek J D, Pyntikova T, van der Veen F, Skaletsky H, Page D C, Rozen S. (2006) High Mutation Rates Have Driven Extensive Structural Polymorphism among Human Y Chromosomes. (pdf) National Genetics, 38: 463-467. Rootsi S, Zhivotovsky LA, Baldovic M, Kayser M, Kutuev I A, Khusainova1 R, Bermisheva1 M A, Gubina M, Fedorova1 S A, Ilumae1 A, Khusnutdinova E K, Voevoda M I, Osipova L P, Stoneking M, Lin A A, Ferak V, Parik J, Kivisild T, Underhill P A and Villems R. (2007). A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 15: 204-211. Rootsi S, (Oct 2004). Human Y Chromosomal Variations in European Populations. (dissertation) Council of the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu. Rootsi S, Magri C, Kisivild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, Barac L, Pericic M, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Dion D, Grobei M, Zhivotovsky L A, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Al-Zahery N, Parik J, King R, Cinnioglu C, Kushnutdinova E, Rudan P, Balanovska E, Scheffrahn W, Simonescu M, Brehm A, Goncalves R, Rosa A, Joisan J-P, Chaventre A, Ferak V, Furedi S, Oefner P J, Shen P, Beckman L, Mikerezi I, Terzic R, Primorac D, Cambon-Thomsen A, Krumina A, Torroni A, Underhill P A, Santachiara-Benerecetti A S, Villems R, Semino O, (2004). Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow In Europe. American Journal of Human Genetics, 75:128-137. Rozen S, Marszalek J D, Alagappan R K, Skaletsky H, and Page D C (2009). Remarkably Little Variation in Proteins Encoded by the Y Chromosome's Single-Copy Genes, Implying Effective Purifying Selection. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009 December 11; 85(6): 923-928. Scheinfeldt L. Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J, Latham K, Koki G, Karafet T, Hammer M, Lorenz J, (2006). Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. (Link and comments from Dienekes' Anthropological Blog) Society for Molecular Biology, 2006. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti A S, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza L L, Underhill P A, (2002). Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:265-268. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin A A, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner P J, Zhivotovsky L A, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza L L, Underhill P A, Santachiara-Benerecetti A S, (2004). Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 74:1023-1034. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky L A, King R, Mehdi S Q, Edmonds C A, Chow C-A T, Lin A A Mitra M, Sil S K, Ramesh A, Rani M V U, Thakur C M, Cavalli-Sforza L L, Majumder P P, Underhill P A, (2006). Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221. Shen P, Lavi T, Kisivild T, Chou V, Sengun D, Gefel D, Shpirer I, Woolf E, Hillel J, Feldman M W, Oefner P J (2004). Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260. Shi H, Zhong H, Peng Y, Dong Y-L, Qi X-B. Zhang F, Liu L-F, Tan S-J, Ma R Z, Xiao C-J, Wells R S, Jin L, Su B (2008). Y-Chromosome Evidence of Earliest Modern Human Settlement in East Asia and Multiple Origins of Tibetan and Japanese Populations. (abstract) BMC Biology 2008, 6:45. Shi H, Dong Y, Wen B, Xiao C, Underhill P, Shen P, Chakraborty R, Jin L, Su B, (2005). Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian-Specific Haplogroup O3-M122. (aabstract) American Journal of Human Genetics. 77:408-419. Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin and The Genographic Consortium, (2011). An Updated Tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and Revised Phylogenetic Positions of Mutations P164 and PK4. European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 20 April 2011; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. Sims L M, Garvey D, Ballantyne J (2006). Differentiation of sub-populations within Y-SNP haplogroup G, (poster citation- not available online) Forensic Science Society, Autumn Conference, Wyboston, UK, November 3-5, 2006. Sims L M, Garvey D, Ballantyne J (2009). Improved Resolution Haplogroup G Phylogeny in the Y Chromosome, Revealed by a Set of Newly Characterized SNPs. (pdf) PLoS One, 4:6, e5792, 2009. Sims L M, Garvey D, Ballantyne J (2007). Sub-Populations Within the Major European and African Derived Haplogroups R1b3 and E3a Are Differentiated by Previously Phylogenetically Undefined Y-SNPs. Human Mutation: Mutation in Brief #940 (2007) Online. Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P, Deka R, Zhang W, Akey J, Huang W, Shen D, Lu D, Luo J, Chu J, Tan J, Shen P, Davis R, Cavalli-Sforza L L, Chakraborty R, Xiong M, Du R, Oefner P, Chen Z, Jim L, (1999). Y-chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 65:1718-1724. Tan S, Yang M, Yu H, Dong Y, Shou W, Zou J, Tang W, Guo Y, Xiao C, (2007). Y-chromosome Polymorphisms Define the Origin of the Mang, an Isolated Population in China. Annals of Human Biology, Sep;34(5):573-581. Thangaraj K, Singh L, Reddy A G, Rao V R, Sehgal S C, Underhill P A, Pierson M, Frame I G, Hagelberg E, (2003). Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population. (pdf) Current Biology, 13:86-93. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R, (2011) A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms. PLoS ONE 6(1), Online. Underhill P A, Myres N M, Rootsi S, Chow C T, Lin A A, Otillar R P, King R, Zhivotovsky L A, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie K H, Cavalli-Sforza L L, Kivisild T, Villems R, Woodward S R, (2007b). New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory. in Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, 2007, pp. 33-42. (not available online) Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Mirazon Lahr M, Foley R A, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza, L L, (2001). The Phylogeography of Y Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human Populations. (pdf) Annals of Human Genetics, 65:43-62. Underhill P A, Myres N M, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Zhivotovsky L A, King R J, Lin A A, Chow C-E T, Semino O, Battaglia V, Kutuev I, Jarve M, Chaubey G, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Mehdi S Q, Sengupta S, Rogaev E I, Khusnutdinova E K. Pshenichnov A, Balanovsky O, Balanovka E, Jeran N, Augustin D H, Baldovid M, Herrera R J, Thangaraj K, Singh V, Singh L, Majumder P, Rudan P, Primorac D, Villems S, Kivisild T. (2009). Separating the Post-Glacial Coancestry of European and Asian Y Chromosomes within Haplogroup R1a. (abstract) European Journal of Human Genetics, 1-6. Underhill P A, Kisivild T, (2007a). Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations. (abstract) Annual Review Genetics 2007 Dec 1;41:539-564. Underhill P A, Shen P, Lin A A, Passarino G, Yang W H, Karuffman E, Bonne-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd J R, Mehdi S Q, Seielstad M T, Wells R S, Piazza A, Davis R W, Feldman M W, Cavalli-Sforza L L, Oerner P J, (2000). Y Chromosome Sequence Variation and the History of Human Populations. (pdf) Nature Genetics, 26: 358-361. Valone P M, Butler, J M, (2004) Y SNP Typing of African-American and Caucasian Samples Using Allele-Specific Hybridization and Primer Extension. (pdf) Journal of Forensic Science, 49:4. Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, Zhu S, Shu Q, Xu J, Du R, Fu S, Li P, Hurles M, Yang H and Tyler-Smith C. (2006) Male Demography in East Asia: A North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. (abstract) Genetics, 172:2431-2439. Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC), (2002). A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups. Genome Research, 12:339-348. Zalloua P, Platt D, El Sibai M, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Haber M, Xue Y, Izaabel H, Bosch E, Adams S, Arroy E, Lopez-Parra A, Aler M, Picornell A, Ramon M, Jobling M, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Wells R, Tyler-Smith C, Genographic Consortium. (2008). Identifying Genetic Traces of Historic Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean, American Journal of Human Genetics, 83: 633-42. Zalloua P A, Xue Y, Khalife1 J, Makhoul1 N, Debiane1 L, Platt D E , Royyuru A K, Herrera R J, Hernanz D F S, Blue-Smith J, Wells R S, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Tyler-Smith C. (2008) Y Chromosome Diversity in Lebanon is Structured by Recent Historical Events. (abstract) The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 82, Issue 4, 873-882, 28 March 2008.

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